1) Different types of shares: equity, preference. Bonus shares, rights issue, ESOP, Sweat Equity Shares, Retained earnings.
2) Loan capital: debentures included in ISC Syllabus.
3) Loans from commercial banks and Financial Institutions.
4) Short-term sources of funds.(iii) Banking – latest trends.

(iii) Importance of Management.

(iv) Principles of Management: nature of principles; need for principles.

(v) Functions of Management: Planning; Organising; Staffing; Directing; Controlling and Coordinating.

(iii) Consumer protection: rights of consumers, methods of consumer protection included in ISC Syllabus.

• Totalitarian and Authoritarian States, Liberal Democratic State, Unitary and Federal States, Parliamentary and Presidential forms of government.Meaning and features of Totalitarian State, Authoritarian State and Liberal Democratic State.
• Meaning and features of Unitary and Federal States with reference to U.K. as a Unitary state, U.S.A. as a Federal State and India as a Quasi-federal State.
• Meaning and features of Parliamentary and Presidential forms of government (U.K. and U.S.A.) included in ISC Syllabus.

• Meaning; kinds of Constitutions: Written and Unwritten, Rigid and Flexible, Enacted and Evolved: merits and demerits.
• Amending procedures; Conventions.Meaning; kinds: Written and Unwritten, Rigid and Flexible, Enacted and Evolved: merits, demerits of each.
• Is the difference between Written and Unwritten, Rigid and Flexible a real one?Amending procedures of the Constitutions of U.K., U.S.A and India.
• Conventions: meaning and examples with reference to U.K., U.S.A. and India.

• Universal Adult Franchise; Methods of Election; Constituency; Minority Representation. Political Parties; Party System.
• Universal Adult Franchise – meaning, merits and demerits.
• Methods of Election: Direct and Indirect – meaning.
• Meaning of Constituency, Single member and Multi-member.First Past the Post System – meaning, merits and demerits.Minority Representation – meaning, rationale and kinds: Proportional Representation, Cumulative Vote System, Nomination and Reservation included in ISC Syllabus.
• Political Parties – meaning, definition and functions. Kinds – Single party, Bi-party, Multi- party system – meaning, merits and demerits.

• Functions of Legislature; Unicameral and Bicameral legislatures.
• The legislature in India and U.S.A. – a comparative study.
• Meaning and functions of Legislature. Meaning of Unicameral and Bi-cameral legislature.
• The legislatures in India and U.S.A.- Composition (strength, method of election and tenure) and functions (legislative, constituent, executive, judicial, electoral and financial), of the legislatures in these two countries – a comparative study.
• Composition and powers of the House of Representatives and the Senate, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.Comparison of the Rajya Sabha and the U.S. Senate; Lok Sabha with the U.S. House of Representatives.

• Functions; The Civil Services. Difference between the Political Executive and the Permanent Executive. Political Executive in India and U.S.A. – a comparative study.
• Meaning, and functions of the Executive. Meaning and role of Civil Services.
• Difference between the Political and Permanent Executive in India.
• Political Executive in India and U.S.A. – a comparative study.
• Powers and functions of executive heads of India (President and Prime Minister), and U.S.A. (President).
• Changing role of the Indian Prime Minister in the Coalition Era (1996 onwards) – with reference to increasing role of regional political parties included in ISC Syllabus.

• Meaning and functions of Judiciary.
• Conditions of Independence of Judiciary.
• Judiciary in India and U.S.A. – a comparative study. Judicial Review.Meaning and functions of judiciary; conditions of independence of judiciary with reference to India and U.S.A.
• The Judiciary in India and U.S.A. – composition and powers of Indian Supreme Court and American Supreme Court. Judicial Review – meaning, principles and critical evaluation with special reference to U.S.A. and India.
• Meaning of Judicial Activism and Judicial Restraint.

• Fundamental Rights: meaning and importance of Fundamental Rights; detailed study of all Fundamental Rights in India.
• Directive Principles of State Policy: meaning and purpose; classification, importance and implementation.
• Relationship between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy.

• 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts.
• Three tier system of Panchayati Raj: Rural and Urban local bodies – their composition; features of 73rd and 74th Amendments. Challenges and solutions included in ISC Syllabus.

• Challenges faced by the Indian Democracy: Caste, Communalism, Regionalism and Political Violence.
• Strengthening Indian Democracy.
• Caste: meaning, role of caste in Indian Politics.
• Communalism: meaning and effects.
• Regionalism: meaning and causes.
• Political Violence: meaning, forms and effects.
• Strengthening Indian Democracy: measures to overcome the challenges faced by Indian Democracy.